SOTDMA Class B AIS, the “new” middle way?

Ben Ellison

Ben Ellison

Panbo editor, publisher & chief bottlewasher from 4/2005 until 8/2018, and now pleased to have Ben Stein as a very able publisher, webmaster, and editing colleague. Please don't regard him as an "expert"; he's getting quite old and thinks that "fadiddling fumble-putz" is a more accurate description.

39 Responses

  1. Howard says:

    A big improvement! 30 seconds at 25-30knots, which is easily doable in a outboard powerboat makes for scary math of how apart reporting points are.

  2. Ben Ellison Ben Ellison says:

    Yes, the math gets easy at 30 knots. Then a boat is moving one nautical mile every 2 minutes, or 1/4 mile every 30 seconds. So when you plot such a boat as a Class B AIS target there is a moment every half minute when its actual position is probably but not necessarily 1/4 mile ahead of its plotted position. But then the plotted position moves like a jumping bean 😉

  3. Anonymous says:

    Scary math = meaning 1/4 mile between reports is inadequate 🙂
    I assume that NMEA2000 will be integrated into these new SRT devices. It is far easier for to identify and see AIS targets on my smaller 9″ screen than it is to see radar returns. Both are excellent tools, radar catches non AIS broadcasters…
    I just like AIS and wish it was mandatory on all vessels.

  4. Don Joyce says:

    Glad to see this coming.
    A brief observation about the 30 kn speedsters. Its basically too late to react to a 30 kn boat within a 1/4 mile unless one also has a 30 kn speedster. One can hope the approaching vessel is aware of one’s proximity. Better yet, one would hope all parties have taken the appropriate action long before.
    So to me there is nothing scary about the “limitation” of the CSTDMA Class B AIS reporting capabilities.
    Increased transmission power output to me is a very welcome improvement. Although I’ve installed my Class B AIS with very high quality co-axial cable, and a very good antenna with an overall very good system SWR, I’m still disappointed with the range at which most other Class B AIS installations can pick me up at….and that I can observe them. I wish I had kept a written log to document this better than the ad-hoc observations I now recall.
    Commercial Class A units pick me up well beyond the horizon.
    I’m guessing this is due to low power, the use of smaller antennas, and in some cases, less that good installations.
    With increased range, parties on a close approach with each other will have increased time to take appropriate action.
    I will close with a comment I should probably resist, but here goes….even with the increased AIS capability of SOTDMA Class B AIS units, the reason I would like to see other Class B units further out, is so I can better avoid those who might not know what appropriate action might be….ie the 30 kn speedster approaching a narrow channel.
    As I noted before, “only the paranoid survive”
    Cheers
    Don

  5. Ben Ellison Ben Ellison says:

    Thanks, Don, but I’ve been hearing from the experts that power has little to do with AIS range. Last winter I heard that from Jeff Robbins at Vesper and also from SRT’s Simon Tucker, who wrote:
    “The range of AIS has VERY little to do with transmit power. The physics of radio apply to all VHF systems and as you know AIS is ultimately a VHF radio communications system. The baseline reliable and repeatable range of an AIS transmission is the line of sight between the receiving and transmitting antenna – irrespective of transmit power. Antennas are configured to radiate transmissions horizontally and they continue in that general direction right on out into space – and carry on going! The height of the antennas are the fundamental determining factor of range. In reality you will see variances from time to time, due to weather conditions and ducting which can see transmissions ‘carried’ hundreds of miles terrestrially. But the range is as a matter of fact line of sight between two antennas. For example in the Galapagos where we have provided a complete fisheries monitoring system, our Identifier Class B with a 2W transmit power was tracked up to 180nm – the same as a coast guard boat fitted with a Class A. This was due to the coast station being located on a 900meter hill.”
    If you read about the ABSEA technology mentioned in the entry, you’ll learn that satellites “see” AIS on the horizon, not directly above, and the problem ABSEA solves is not low power but TDMA slot collisions.

  6. Martin says:

    I´ve just listened to a swedish radio ducumentary about the stunning innovations from Håkan Lans and the problems with his patent rights that just are nothing but sad.. As he says: Nobody fights over the worthless things – he has been in war over patent rights for decades but never intended to do anything else than finance further inventing. SOTDMA was just too good for some of us? Ben – please get this story right and neutral, his invention threatened some big guys with radar interests.
    Keep up the good work!
    Regards / Martin

  7. Don Joyce says:

    Dear Ben,
    I have great respect for the people at Vespers. Yes, the radio wave goes on forever, yet the further one is away from the source the fainter the signal. The cross section goes as 1/R^2 in a vacuum and is a very little bit worse in air. So, given a cutoff sensitivity of the receiver above background, more power helps. The corollary to this is that the bigger your antenna is, the more sensitive you will be relative to other antennas. Think about distributed astronomical radio telescopes.
    I state the above because I calculated the line of sight distance that the antenna in the Galapagos can “see” and its far far less than the 180 NM mentioned no matter what reasonable AIS transmitting antenna height you assume. Think back on which landfall you made being able to see the peaks from 180 nm out…..I can’t remember seeing one 30 nm miles out even when they were well over 1000m high. So although line of sight transmission is the the primary VHF mode, ultimately think only of this is an over simplification.
    Regarding 2W power. What I do know is that shore based systems have heightened sensitivity using at a minimum, very tall antennas and signal amplifiers. Good stations have signal processors to filter out more of the noise. If one sat in the Galapagos receiving station and sampled the transmission for extended time, the S/N ratio can be improved further.
    Returning to transmit power, think of the USGC. They broadcast with power well above the 25W FCC allowed power for boaters to be sure they are above the analog sensitivity of the distance receiver.
    A last observation: why on earth would Class A units broadcast at 12.5W if 2W were sufficient.
    have I gone off the track totally in my logic?
    Cheers
    Don

  8. Leo Starrenburg says:

    Pity they didn’t start with a cheaper black box. When they do I’ll probably get one.
    As for the distance from shore to ship: I run a landlocked AIS receiving station for MarineTraffic and Vesselfinder. Built it when I got the class B AIS for my boat. Although I receive ships in a 25nM+ radius I usually can’t see my boat mored in the marina at less than 10nM away.
    Apart from antenna height, the atmosphere plays tricks with the distance as well, have a look at http://www.marinetraffic.com/nl/ais/details/stations/1753/ to see the statistics for my station. This made the 2m amateurband (144-146Mhz) so much fun to work on, I made CW, SSB and FM contacts all over Europe during the “right conditions”.
    w fr greetings, Leo

  9. Ben Ellison Ben Ellison says:

    Thanks, Leo, but it looks from the USCG table that IEC 62287-2 requires a SOTDMA Class B to have an MKD. So there won’t be a black box version, though the display doesn’t have to be hi res color.
    On another subject, congratulations and thank you for your volunteer Marine Traffic AIS listening station with 99.3% up-time over the last 2,154 hours! I’m curious how you use the Netcom 111 in your system. Were you able to make it push AIS data to MT without a computer being involved? Please answer on this thread:
    https://panbo.com/archives/2012/05/aishub_how_you_too_can_put_ais_targets_online.html

  10. Dan Corcoran (b393capt) says:

    In the table, Class B/SO reporting rate looks backward. should be based on speed (>23, 14-23, 2-14), yes?

  11. Ben Ellison Ben Ellison says:

    Yes, Dan, I’m sure that position reporting gets more frequent as vessel speed increases, just like Class A. So I agree that the Class Comparison table would be clearer if it read “Either every 5, 15 or 30 s based on speed (>23, 14-23, 2-14).
    But now I notice that the Meters Per Knots table shows B/SO reporting at 15 second intervals for 3, 4, 14, and 23 knots, which doesn’t seem to equate.
    This USCG document is the best source I’ve found, however. Maybe someone with a copy of IEC 62287-2 can clarify?

  12. Ben Ellison Ben Ellison says:

    AIS doesn’t always help to prevent collisions, but sometimes it provides good documentation:
    http://maritime-executive.com/article/container-ship-and-lpg-tanker-collide
    Thanks to Chris at ACR for the link.

  13. Ben Ellison Ben Ellison says:

    The USCG AIS Class comparison document seems to flawed or unclear on several points. Here’s clarification courtesy of SRT:
    * At higher speeds there are two Class B/SO position reporting rates, Normal and Increased Reporting Interval. The latter is used “when the network is busy (>50% used) – i.e. when there are a lot of vessels in an area, Class B SOTDMA transmits less often.”
    The Class B “SO” AIS Normal and Increased Interval rates are the same 3 min at 23kn may transmit at 5s or 15s.
    * “An SO Class B is not required to have a display. As with CS it needs to have some LED indicators. However IF it does have an integrated display then there are certain requirements of that display. As usual with SRT our solutions starts with a small module/ engine and then progresses with a range of standard and custom OEM products solutions – they will include black box transceivers as well as ones with displays.”

  14. Dan Corcoran (b393capt) says:

    I keep coming back to watch if anyone will post the answer, to the questions above as to if 2w is enough to reach horizon, is 5w in the spec for B/SO, and 12.5w for A?

  15. Ben Ellison Ben Ellison says:

    Ask and ye shall receive, every once in a while.
    From SRT, not me:
    “The first thing to say is that it is impossible to take a single practical experiment as a defacto statement of fact. The reason for that is that range is effected by multiple variables some of which I list below.
    – The primary determining factor of range is the height of the receiving and transmitting antennas and thus the line of sight distance between them. In theory for a short data burst communication technology like AIS, transmit power is almost irrelevant – yes the strength of the signal will weaken over distance, but it really is irrelevant subject to the effect of other issues, where power can become a benefit.
    – The quality of the connectors, cabling and antenna will effect the quality of the transmission – the fact that the transceiver has a 2W transmitter or 5W transmitter does not necessarily translate into 2W or 5W radiated transmit power at the point of transmit exit at the antenna.
    – The ‘cleanliness’ of the transmission can effect how much adjacent channel (ACP) interference there is whilst the message is being transmitted in the VDL. As with most data burst technologies, the ‘transmit mask’ required by the specification is very tight. However this is probably tested once in a lab for type approval. The better quality the transmitter the better every transmission and thus less interference there is.
    – There is some minor effect of gravity on the transmissions such that they appear to curve around the earth, but again this is very minimal.
    – Many places in the world have a high level of ambient noise and due to poor operational ACP control and this causes interference which can result in reduced range.
    – Weather conditions and things such as ducting can have a major effect on range.
    Essentially, in an ideal world, power is not relevant to range. The biggest effect is antenna height, followed by quality and setup of equipment, followed by multiple external factors. The reason voice based systems often have higher power is that they require continuous voice streaming and not simply data bursts which can more easily accommodate variances. Sorry its not the simple reply every would want. But in todays age its easy for us all to forget that radio communications remains one part science and one part art.
    We have 25 years experience of radio communications development, from mobile phones, professional radios, AIS and satellite transceivers. In AIS we have seen hundreds of different scenarios and environments and witnessed a many range outcomes. From over 180 miles in the Galapagos with a 2W transceiver, to 10 miles with a Class A in a busy EU port on a given day and then the next further.”

  16. Tom says:

    Radio distance calculations are based on transmitter power, antenna gain, atmospheric conditions and receiver sensitivity. Many factors can cause reduced range. Vessels rolling in a seaway will have periodic reduced antenna gain due to the main antenna pattern lobe not being parallel to the water line. Rain and other precipitation will attenuate the signal. Radio and cabling degradation over time will increase losses. Large vessels with higher antenna heights will have a line-of-sight further than most recreational vessels requiring higher power etc. Most likely the higher power rating is required for a safe design margin. The difference between 2W and 5W is only about 4 dB and another 4 dB to get from 5W to 12.5W.

  17. Clifford Slocombe says:

    Contrary to the table, IEC 62287-2 does not require an MKD.
    A display is optional and where provided need only display safety related messages, SART messages, and alarm conditions.

  18. Clifford Slocombe says:

    Class B ‘SO’ Reporting Intervals (IEC 62287-1 Ed. 1.0):
    * SOG 23kn, RI = 5s
    The last two intervals are doubled for severely congested channels.

  19. Derek says:

    – “There is some minor effect of gravity on the transmissions such that they appear to curve around the earth, but again this is very minimal.”
    Really?
    Even a massive body like our sun only bends radio waves by 1.75 arc seconds.
    I always thought that the bending of radio waves over the horizon was caused by the change in the refractive index of air as you go higher. Decreasing air pressure and air temperature with increasing height. The effect is to make it seem like the earth is flatter than it really is. For the standard atmospheric model at mid latitudes, radio planners assume that the earths radius is 4/3 times its actual radius when calculating the horizon distance.
    A good explanation of this and various anomalous propagation modes here:
    http://www.mike-willis.com/Tutorial/PF6.htm
    Derek

  20. Howard says:

    I have been casually investigating “Blue Force” AIS. I know it is in use locally (at work!) but I don’t know about much about the encryption algorithm or the method of distributing the decoding key.
    In the pure pursuit of knowledge, I have been searching for info and stumbled across this Turkish product
    http://www.idc-defence.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65&Itemid=71&lang=en
    Key info jumped out at me;
    Optional Modules
    Spoofing Module Allows you to spoof your position; transmit falsified OwnShip position based on a route. You create a a route and have “ghost ship” follow (using a false MMSI).
    Anti-Spoofing Module/Behavoural Analysis Provides Sentinel with the ability to detect intentional and unintentional errors in a target’s transmitted AIS data.
    Anti-Spoofing Module/Position Determination Uses signal propagation analysis enabling Sentinel to detect intentional spoofs of position for manually selected targets.
    Holy cow! I can only assume and expect that this type of capability is available to USA users of Blue Force. I have only seen the L3 Protector AIS system, but I have not seen a manual yet. I have also asked questions of the Furuno reps about the TZT 4.x upgrade that somehow handles Blue Force tracking, although not through a Furuno FA-150. The Furuno takes the BF AIS from the L3 transponder.
    This is following on a new product data sheet that was left on our lunch table at work. A backpack/portable/mobile version of the Harris corporation “Stingray II”
    I am starting to think about wearing a tinfoil hat.

  21. Mark Morwood says:

    “From over 180 miles in the Galapagos with a 2W transceiver,”
    As an FYI, this is almost certainly because of the network of AIS repeaters set up on the Galapagos Islands, and is not a real station to station range. As we approached the Galapagos we were very surprised to start seeing vessels at 60 miles.

  22. Rob says:

    We’re cruising the sea of Cortez with a vesper 850 watchmate, and regularly receive class a AIS signals at over 100 nm, with the record so far being 218 nm. Our antenna height is only 12′ or so. We do see many class b AIS that don’t show up until we’re within a few miles, 15-20 say, which we put down to poor antennas. As with all signals, propagation and reception varies with time of day, with morning and evening best.

  23. Leo Starrenburg says:

    The 15-20 nM range for a class B unit with it’s 2W output is a very reasonable line-of-sight distance i.m.h.o, the 200+ nM range is caused by signal ‘ducting’, an occasional pathway created by thermal inversion.
    I now have 3 AIS shore receiving stations operating and their statistical data almost reads as a weather forecast: As soon as the receiving areas start to expand I know good wheater is not far off 😉

  24. Ben Ellison Ben Ellison says:

    This first SOTDMA Class B AIS is coming to market as the Em-Trak B400…
    https://em-trak.com/#1529
    …and also as the Si-Tex SAS 600:
    http://si-tex.com/item/sas-600hybridclassbais

  25. AMEC (Alltek Marine) released the B600 and B600W Class B AIS transponder with 5W transmit and SOTDMA.
    Wrote a bit about it at https://sailbits.com/amec-widelink-sotdma-ais/
    So far, so good, but still need some more testing on the water in busy times.

  26. Rich Hunt says:

    Ben, didn’t you mention in one of your posts that you have an em-trak B400 SOTDMA Class B on test at the moment. How’s it getting on? Anything to report? Is the integrated display any good?

  27. Ben Ellison Ben Ellison says:

    Hi, Rich. Yes, I have been testing the Em-Trak B400 — which is the SRT SOTDMA Class B discussed in this entry — for quite a while, including most of the trip from Maine to North Carolina. Frankly, it’s hard to perceive the performance difference from a “slow” boat like Gizmo, even using Marine Traffic as possible and occasionally asking other boats what they are seeing.
    That said, my rough impression is that the 5W transmit does not make nearly as much difference in range from 2W as the 250% difference suggests. I do think that the increased position reporting rate is very valuable, but it doesn’t kick in until 14 knots, and then even more so over 23kn.
    The B400’s integrated display is impressively built and has tons of I/O capabilities, though I’d grade it B on the intuitive interface scale, and I don’t see a lot of value to high detail C-Map charts on this small a screen. The base map is usually good enough.
    What’s perhaps most interesting, I think, is the pro level of detail about AIS targets of all sorts, something I mentioned in a recent discussion about AIS AtoNs:
    https://panbo.com/archives/2017/11/ais_issues_garmin_navico_mcmurdo_amec_and_srt.html
    I plan a thorough review pretty soon, and I also have an Amec B600W SOTDMA to test, but I still think that fast yachts should certainly consider B/SO over B/CS and I’m not sure that there other AIS displays that can show some of the details the Em-Trak B400.

  28. Rich Hunt says:

    Thanks for the response, Ben. I look forward to your review. Would be good to see a comparison of the B400 and B600W – I believe the B400 has WiFi as standard.
    On transmit power, I think people don’t realize that this has little to do with range. A 2W (33dBm) transmission can travel over 1000 miles through air before it is attenuated below the signal level of -107dBm used for the AIS receive sensitivity specification (and most receivers do better than this). Obviously, this assumes ideal circumstances but even without those the signal can travel well beyond the true limiting factor – line of sight. And the line of sight distance is determined by the heights of the transmitting and receiving antennas. Even if these are both at 50 feet the range is just 20 miles, no problem for a 2W transmission!
    So the reason why you see Class A transmission from further away than any Class B signals is not the higher power but the fact the Class A will be on a bigger ship with a much higher antenna!
    However, the higher reporting rate for speedier vessels will be useful (and safer). Other than that it will be interesting to see what advantages the manufacturers put forward for these SOTDMA products and their, no doubt, higher prices.

  29. Simon - SRT CEO says:

    Hi Rich – that’s an excellent post and we agree completely. Where higher power does help is in areas of high radio noise which can distort/corrupt lower powered transmissions – this can arise from poor radio spectrum and certification controls and also in busy AIS areas.
    Aside from the increased transmit rate which will make a lot of difference in some instances, the other advantage is the use of SOTDMA instead of CSTDMA which means the transmit slot is reserved prior to transmission and thus takes precedent over standard CSTDMA transceivers – however in reality this creates a minor difference. We believe that high powered AIS Class B will be of benefit to offshore sailors and work boats, where as the standard 2W CS Class still does a fine job.

  30. I agree with Ben, Rich, and Simon – the most important change isn’t the wattage increase, it’s the change in how the message is sent out – CSTDMA to SOTDMA. That is what I saw in my testing with the AMEC B600W.
    I specifically didn’t test the em-trak because I knew Ben would be 🙂 and I don’t get my stuff for free like he does, which I know we’re all jealous of. I also had no use for a screen on my AIS transponder, and the AMEC was the only other one out there that used SOTDMA.
    Very interested in the em-trak review still, though, as it would be interesting to know if they decide to come out with a screen-less model.

  31. Simon - SRT CEO says:

    Hi Steve,
    The em-trak B350 is a fully certified 5W SO Class B black box transceiver. It also has an integrated GPS antenna so an external one is optional. This starts shipping in January.
    em-trak’s parent, SRT, has also launched a product called IRIS which is available as an OEM product solution to marine electronics brands. This is a 5W SO Class B black box, but has a fully integrated VHF antenna splitter as well as our new multiplex antenna system which works with the splitter to deliver better performance that anything in the market today. You will start to see this product from January too from various high quality marine electronics brands.
    Both are small, have very low power consumption, dual NMEA0183 & 2000, have WiFi options, configurable functionality, and our SRT’s HF-AIS core technology.
    Rgds

  32. Simon,
    Sorry, I totally missed that! Look forward to seeing the B350.

  33. Ben Ellison Ben Ellison says:

    Hey, Steve, it sounds like you misunderstand how I work. I never solicit free equipment, I don’t want free stuff, and I rarely get any. I do sometimes borrow items for extended periods — valuable, I think, because they change over time with updates and peripherals — but I spent time every year shipping stuff back. There are exceptions, like software and things that require holes in Gizmo’s hull to install, but I’m pretty adamant about not profiting in any way from gear testing.
    Moreover, I suspect that you too could borrow electronics to test. You produce thorough, fair reviews and that’s valuable to the companies trying to get their products into the market.
    Also, slightly off topic, Panbo advertisers don’t get special treatment. Moreover, they never ask for it. Some people suspect otherwise, but they just don’t know what they’re talking about.

  34. Hi Ben,
    I meant no disrespect with how you operate, and I think based on the amount of times we’ve talked, I understand how you work.
    My comment was meant more light hearted than a process – sorry, that obviously didn’t come across correctly. The amount of gear you have that you are testing makes many of us, myself included, jealous!
    What I was specifically trying to highlight is the fact that you have a unique relationship with vendors that allows access to products the rest of us most likely have to purchase once they are released.
    I am very sensitive myself when anyone questions whether I profit off of something I’ve written, and have the same stance as you. I am happy to write about something but I am putting my personal reputation on the line, and only do so if I have thoroughly understood the product, and talked with the company in question about any challenges or concerns. I am pretty sure I have spent more money than any piece of gear is worth by the time I have used it long enough, asked questions, investigated problems, taken pictures, and written up a review! This work is definitely not a way to get rich, and I know we both agree it is more about sharing information.
    I know we all appreciate those relationships you have with folks, and love reading, commenting, and interacting on the new tech that you help to let the rest of the world know about!

  35. Howard says:

    I wish there was more of what Ben does. I really, really want to try Timezero software on a Microsoft Surface Book 2.
    It would be the most expensive software that I have ever personally bought and certainly wish there was a review/trial period available. I would be happy to share what I learn, but a $1,500 software commitment without a test drive is tough.

  36. Ben Ellison Ben Ellison says:

    Hey Howard, I just recently bought a Surface Book — only the basic original model (being a frugal Yankee 😉 — and have installed TZ Pro 3, Coastal Explorer and OpenCPN. I think that the TZ license is a time-limited demo version, and maybe you should ask about that.
    I’ve just gotten started with testing, and do hope to get TZ working with TZT2 MFD and NXT radome, but it may take a while. One thing I know for sure: even the Surface Book 1 with minimal specs is a terrific laptop/tablet.

  37. I have the Surface Pro 4 ( https://sailbits.com/surface-pro-4-great-boat-computer/ ) and love it for Coastal and OpenCPN.
    I have TZ Navigator 3 (not Pro) but I don’t have any other TZ or compatible special hardware. Of course it works fine with NMEA 2000. I know TZ Nav 3 has better touch support than Pro according to their website, but Pro has a ton of additional features that I always missing like importing ENCs and such.

  38. Peter says:

    Ben wrote: “That said, my rough impression is that the 5W transmit does not make nearly as much difference in range from 2W as the 250% difference suggests.”

    Right. I’m a little rusty since I last worked in the microwave wireless world more than 10 years ago, but as I recall, transmitted signal strength decreases as the square of the distance. At some distance down the waterway, a 1 watt signal and a 100 watt signal (this is Effective Radiated Power, not transmitted power sent to the antenna) are almost indistinguishable. Obstructions, reflections, and fresnel effect always make things worse, never better.

    Since power levels are measured logarithmically, 4 watts is 3dB greater than 2 watts, and doubling ERP again requires 8 watts. Going from 4 to 5, or 2 to 5, watts, isn’t going to buy you much on the receive end, especially in unlicensed spectrum where noise floors tend to be high and consumer grade receiver sensitivity tends not to be so great, either.

    So if 2 watts is all regulations say one can use at the transmitter output, then your best bet for being heard louder and farther away is antenna height (increases line of sight distance and reduces fresnel effect), lower loss cable and connectors, and higher gain antennas.

  39. Brian Strong says:

    Has anyone yet tested the now shipping
    Garmin AIS 800?

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